How Synthetic Drugs Work: Insights into Molecular Pharmacology of Classic and New Pharmaceuticals provides comprehensive, structured access to robust information on molecular pharmacology for clinicians, research scientists and advanced health care students. The book covers the foundations of molecular pharmacology and the main drug classes, including detailed information on their mechanisms of action and the application of molecular pharmacology in drug development. This book is an ideal reference for graduate students and researchers in pharmacology, however, researchers in corporate settings will also benefit from the book's structured and detailed coverage of mechanisms of action of synthetic drugs.

In the mid 1950s, a British taxi driver named George King claimed that Budha, Jesus, and Lao Tzu had been alien "cosmic masters" who had come to earth to teach mankind the right way to live. Sun Myung Moon claimed that Korean people are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel. Joseph Smith claimed that some lost tribes of Israel had moved to Americas hundreds of years ago. All three people successfully founded new religious movements that have survived to this day. How and why do some people come up with such seemingly strange and bizarre ideas and why do others come to place their faith in these ideas? The first part of this book develops a multidisciplinary theoretical framework drawn from cognitive science of religion and social psychology to answer these critically important questions. The second part of the book illustrates how this theoretical framework can be used to understand the origin and evolution of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at founded by an Indian Muslim in 1889. The book breaks new ground by studying the influence that religious beliefs of 19th century reformist Indian Muslims, in particular, founders of the Ahl-e-Hadith movement, had on the beliefs of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at. Using the theoretical framework developed in part I, the book also explains why many north Indian Sunni Muslims found Ahmad's ideas to be irresistible and why the movement split into two a few years Ahmad's death. The book will interest those who want to understand cults as well as those who want to understand reformist Islamic movements.

This is Poetry book for children to give them little bit detailed information what is available around us. How nature has placed so many things everywhere around us to consider and learn from them. In this book small specific poems have been including covering a specific topics like cat, dog, book, garden etc.

Personality development is a continuous process which starts from the birth and continue till the death. To develop an ever shining personality like a diamond needs heavy cuts. Mother plays an important role for the early trimming of the personality. The education, training and personality development start from the lap of mother. A new born child has all natural shinning abilities and capabilities like a raw diamond found in the mines. Now, there is a need of highly skilled hands to bring its shine from inside to outside. It is only possible through the hard cuts and soft touches with the highly sophisticated process and proficiency. Human personality can shine forever if its trimming has been done through the kind and highly skilled hands. Human has millions aspects, abilities and reasons to shine and play a vital role on the stage of this world. There is a need to identify the specific role for every human to explore the nature shine at its maximum. This book may help in some extent for this.

Human being feels, analyses and makes decision on the basis of information received through five senses and intuition. Sometime one's all sensors don't play this important role or the heart and mind don't take part in decision making as desired. The malfunctioning of five sensors or absence of heart and mind leads to the unexpected behaviors and reactions. This situation sometime creates an unacceptable and unfavorable environment which caused differences among the human beings. Feelings, actions and reactions help to understand behaviors, habitual mindset and responses. Through this study one can make an approach to give the solution to solve the social problems and to develop individual's personality to get the optimum results of efforts. Good sense of feelings help to listen untold, see beyond the wall, read close minds and get secrets of the hearts. In this book some important feelings/ behaviors are described in simple, brief and beautiful way so the reader may get understanding of such feelings/ behaviors which have a vital role to make personality the most acceptable, favorable and remarkable.

The objective of this book is to give information about some moral values and ethical practices helpful to add unique features in the human personality. This will help to change the mind towards positive thoughts to get the power of positivity and the height of humanity. Such type of personality will be capable to live long on the earth and in the heart of people. So, we should try to find out and explore such personality traits which can make human from mortal to immortal

Heart is a focal point of life in both physical and spiritual. Every living creature has a life line till the heart is alive. Heart is a source of emotion and energy. It is the heart that can conquer the miles, mountains, deserts and sea only for beloved one. There are hundred and thousand elements which can cause for a true relationship between two hearts. Heart always respond good things with love and affection and the vice versa. In the world hundred and thousand creatures including human are available for love and care but human is to care for all. If the heart has positive thoughts and thinks always good for all this is the heart most successful, satisfied and preciouses. However for love and affection one thing is very important that is care. Care is the only which can make the foe to friend and even animals may become the best friend. The beams of care are lime a sun light which covers the object directly from the all direction. The care has permanent and immediate effects. It is the care which can show the density of love. Care develops the emotions and emotions are actually the essence of relations. It is the care only which can prolong the survival on the earth. Those who care others actually they want to get care of others. Similarly it is with heart, if we will care our heart in both way physically and spiritually it will give you a warranty for a long lasting pleasure and satisfaction and of course long stay on the earth too. Heart is only the most precious gift on the earth. All senses of human body and spirit should be under the control of heart. The heart needs love and care for its own survival. The humanity is the core value of heart and it is only seen in the live heart otherwise a dead heart always think against the humanity. There is no difference between a human has a dead heart or an animal even some time Haman becomes worst than animal. We should care our heart and a healthy and strong heart can only give the surety of love, care and satisfaction.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the staple food crop of Pakistan and is being grown over a wide range of environments. Grain yields of wheat are highly affected due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Water stress is the main environmental constraints besides high temperature and salinity stress. New high yielding wheat varieties possesses better tolerance to drought are desperately needed for cultivation in wheat growing areas. A high yielding and drought-tolerant wheat variety Khirman has been developed and released for general cultivation in Sindh province of Pakistan. The variety has potential to produce better yield under water stressed environments. The variety has gained popularity among farming community. This book will present the case study of the release of variety 'Khirman'. The information will be helpful for researchers, scientists and students while selection and development of new stress-tolerant genotypes.

Guave and Jamun are important fruit crops of Sindh, Pakistan. Both fruits productions is hampered by a number of pests including nematodes. Guavas are useful source of ascorbic acid, calcium, pectin, phosphorus and soluble fibres. It adopts itself to most soil conditions and climate. Whereas Jamun is rich in protein and carbohydrates. It is highly recommended fruit for diabetic patients. In the present study nematodes associated with Guava and nematodes along with soil bacteria is rhizosphere soil of Jamun are being reported. The information is useful for nematologists, plant pathologists, students, teachers and research workers in this field.

The manuscript contains new results of magic labeling on trees and their properties, labeling patterns will be discussed and then generalization of the results will be offered. In our study, rst we includes introduction, history and labeling of graphs. Secondly, we will give some basic concepts, notations and terminologies about graphs which are important to provide strong and enough basis of the present study. Thirdly, we include basic idea of graph labeling with a special interest of magic labeling. and at the last, we discussed super edge magic labeling of trees, making base "Every tree admits a super edge-magic total labeling.." New results with properties and labeling patterns are discussed with SEMTL."

On the earth human is only the supreme. It has been appointed by birth to run all the activities as per job description given by the Creator who is actually the Owner of this whole. The capacity of the human has been tested at so many times whenever it was needed in hard even impossible looking situations. There is always need to develop it more and more. The human is actually combination of two; one is the outside shell that is called body the other one is inside of the human that is soul. The humanity is the core value of the human and it has a strong relation with the soul. Without soul the body is nothing and useless or on the other hand it can be said that human is not human who was created for this earth. In both cases, either the soul is dead but the body is alive or the soul has been transferred for peace and the body is dead, the human is worst than the worst. In this book, beautiful lyrics have been framed for the character building to enhance the humanity for the peace on the earth. The soul will be in peace not only on the earth but also in heaven if the character of the human is purely as desired by the Creator. The human character is important to deal with all relations for a healthy and peaceful atmosphere around us. The beautiful, simple and concise targeted poems may prove for the character building of the children from the school age.

On the earth human is only the supreme. It has been appointed by birth to run all the activities as per job description given by the Creator who is actually the Owner of this whole. The capacity of the human has been tested at so many times whenever it was needed in hard even impossible looking situations. There is always need to develop it more and more. The human is actually combination of two; one is the outside shell that is called body the other one is inside of the human that is soul. The humanity is the core value of the human and it has a strong relation with the soul. Without soul the body is nothing and useless or on the other hand it can be said that human is not human who was created for this earth. In both cases, either the soul is dead but the body is alive or the soul has been transferred for peace and the body is dead, the human is worst than the worst. In this book, beautiful lyrics have been framed for the character building to enhance the humanity for the peace on the earth. The soul will be in peace not only on the earth but also in heaven if the character of the human is purely as desired by the Creator. The human character is important to deal with all relations for a healthy and peaceful atmosphere around us. The beautiful, simple and concise targeted poems may prove for the character building of the children from the school age.

Potassium (K) nutrition ensures optimum yield and quality of crops. This monograph evaluates the impacts of varying levels of K on the growth, yield and K accumulation of two sunflower hybrids, viz. Hyson-33 and Hyson-39, grown at five different rates of K, i.e. 0 (control), 30 through 120 kg/ha. Across genotypes, K nutrition significantly enhanced biomass yield, number of leaves, stem diameter, head diameter, head length, head weight, achene yield and K accumulation at 120 kg K/ha, as against control. Across K nutrition, Hyson-39 had more biomass yield, number of leaves, stem diameter, head diameter, head length, head weight, and achene yield, as compared to Hyson-33. Contrarily, Hyson-33 accumulated more K than Hyson-39. In crux, adequate K nutrition enhanced the growth and achene yield of both sunflower hybrids even under adequate soil K condition, witnessing the importance of K in sunflower nutrition. Hyson-33 responded K nutrition more strongly, with comparatively lower K accumulation, as compared to Hyson-39. A dose of 120 kg K/ha was found to be the best dose in enhancing most of the growth and yield traits of sunflower hybrids.

Pakistan is 3rd top producer of rice with 2.36 M ha area, 4.82 MT production, 0.9% of GDP and contributes 4.4% in agriculture annually. Pakistani rice is well known for its quality and aroma and ranked as 5th country for rice export but yield level is comparatively low and 36% yield gap has been observed. It has been deduced from the research that along with NPK, silicon (Si) and boron (B) should be introduced in rice production. Silicon can control drought stress, insect pests, diseases, radiation damage and metallic toxicity (Fe & Al) in rice. It also provides mechanical strength, prevents lodging and enhances photosynthetic activity and plant immunity. While boron (B) regulates carbohydrates transportation, cell division, cell wall strength and development, onset of fruits and seeds, pollen viability and affects plant development, reproduction, respiration and physiology. That's why this study was proposed and resulted that a combination of silicon and boron solutions @ 1.5% and 1.0% respectively should be applied as foliar spray for higher and sustainable rise production.

Being an agriculture country Pakistan is facing shortage of green forage due to harsh summer and winter frost.Sorghum fodder is the basic feed for live stock and especially valuable for feeding in the plain regions. Cured sorghum fodder, with a little protein supplement, maintains cattle in good condition throughout the winter with little or no gain supplement. Its green fodder contains 70% carbohydrates, minerals, crude fat and nitrogen free extract. Multicut sorghum is a better replacement because it can withstand in harsh environment and has xerophytic characteristics.this study was proposed to evaluate different levels of nitrogen and sowing methods for sorghum forage. In this experiment different levels of nitrogen fertilizer i.e. 0, 57.5, 28.75,45 kg N/ha and sowing methods 1. broad coast 2. Line sowing (30 cm b/w rows)were used. It was concluded that nitrogen application N2 (57.5 kg/ha) and line sowing (30 cm b/w rows) with three cutting system showed better results among all observations, thus maximum production for multicut sorghum forage was obtained under agro climatic conditions of Faislabad, Pakistan.

Acute and chronic administration of Oxalis corniculata L. has anti-epileptic activity against MES and INH induced convulsions by reducing tonic hind limb extension phase and delaying onset of convulsion. It also observed that plant extract possess anti-psychotic activity against apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior and haloperidol induced catalepsy by reducing the stereotyped behavior as well as potentiated the cataleptic score. Anti-epileptic activity of Oxalis corniculata L. may be attributed to the involvement of either by blocking the Na+ channels or enhancing the GABAergic system in the neuronal of the brain. Furthermore, anti-psychotic activity of Oxalis corniculata may be due to involvement of dopaminergic pathway. The identification of active constituents with anti-epileptic and anti-psychotic activity from this plant may provide new directions for identification of active neuropharmacological agents, which could be given concomitantly during epilepsy and psychosis. These results suggest that the Oxalis corniculata L. have potential clinical application in the management of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders.

Lantana camara L. is regarded both as a notorious weed and a popular ornamental garden plant and posseses various uses in folk medicine in many parts of the world. The phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of leaves resulted in isolation terpenoidal glycosides namely urosolic acid glycosidic oleiate (NEW), ursolic acid glycosidic stearate (NEW) and oleanolic acid glucoside. Some esters like undecanyl Oleioate, dodecanyl oleioate and carboxylic acids like ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were successfully isolated. HPTLC fingerprint of the methanolic extracts of L. camara leaves were performed. The solvent systems were chloroform: methanol (99:1). Antidiabetic activities of the Lantana camara were performed on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and the aqueous extracts of both the drugs showed significant reduction in blood glucose level.

Common carp is one the worldwide distributed fish species but still non-preferred for cultivation in East Asia and book contains the practical approach of androgen application for problems associated with Common carp culturing like control of stocking density within pond and enhanced fish growth at the same time by increasing fish yield and quality protein food product for humans on the other hand.

This book provides a concise review of theories presented overtime, conflict between trade and growth, the role of trade in economic development, and export promotion versus import-substitution with particular reference to Pakistan. Import-substitution or export promotion especially of manufactured goods discussion during the 1970s stressed the importance of export promotion. The review of Pakistan's trade regime demonstrates that there has been an anti-export bias up to 1980s. However, during 1990s, government adopted a number of measures to make the trade regime adequately open and liberal in response to the changing global conditions. The three models dealing with overall economy, exports and imports have explored the important aspects of Pakistan's foreign trade regime. Exports serve more as a "handmaiden of growth" than as "an engine of growth" in Pakistan's economy. Policy-makers and students in the developing countries will find the book very useful for addressing and analyzing trade-related and macroeconomic problems facing these countries.